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4.2 Fundamental Electrochemistry and Materials Technology 25 suitable materials and demonstrate their performance. Key considerations are discussed in the rest of this section. Membrane material. There are 3 classes of membranes (Freeman et al., 2006). Inorganic porous materials, which function by sieving gases according to size to separate mixtures, have high performance and are very stable but mechanically fragile. Polymers effect separation by differential permeation, where different components of a mixture can have distinct solubility or diffusivity through the polymer. Polymeric materials can have good mechanical properties, but their transport properties are sensitive to their preparation and environment, and performance can vary with time. Hybrid materials, which are composites of polymers and inorganic grains, can have optimized properties— good stability, separation, and mechanical characteristics—but are at a very early stage in their development. Because only polymer-containing membranes can incorporate anion diffusion paths, they are the only option for nonaqueous CO2 reduction. Optimum ionic conductivity and gas permeability properties. Available ion- conducting membranes have been developed for high current applications (Varcoe et al., 2014). A computational modeling study of requirements for membranes in aqueous PEC systems has shown that the membrane properties that result in high conductivity also result in product crossover because of the structure of the ion-conducting channels (Berger et al., 2014). Product crossover results in back reactions that reduce efficiency, as well as contamination of the product gas streams. This is of particular concern for CO contamination of O2 because of the demand placed on cleanup technologies. The modeling work revealed that a reduction in conductivity to accommodate currents typical of PEC devices (10s of mA rather than 1 A) results in a significant reduction in product crossover, providing criteria for membrane optimization. Chemical compatibility and stable conductivity. The chief concern for the per- formance stability of polymeric membranes used in the presence of CO2 is plasticization, which increases permeability over time (Horn & Paul, 2011). Thick and thin membranes have different responses, and trends in permeability over time are complex. Research on CO2 separation from gas mixtures has revealed routes to stabilization of membrane performance (Wang et al., 2016). Studies of anion-conducting membranes for fuel cell applications have reported some data on electrochemical stability (Merle et al., 2011). These are important factors to consider; however, their applicability to non-aqueous CO2 reduction devices, whether liquid electrolyte-based or involving gas diffusion, is unknown.PDF Image | ISRU Challenge Production of O2 and Fuel from CO2
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