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52 Chapter 6. System-Level Considerations requirement. A technology demonstration (HABIT) on board the ExoMars lander including water harvesting was planned, where exposed salts would absorb atmospheric water and presumably be vacuum transferred for collection. While the mission expected to see approximately 50 L/year of water collection, this method alone is unlikely to meet requirements such as those posed for manned missions due to the extremely low levels of atmospheric water. However, it is worth noting this as a possible collection and purification pathway, should a process to liberate gaseous water from the regolith be developed. A low TRL method for water harvesting has been proposed to do this using microwaves directed at hydrated minerals. This has been demonstrated on small samples with approximately 60% efficiency, but in the current batch-mode design, it is impractical for the large amounts of water needed for a manned Mars mission. Currently, there does not yet exist a method to harvest water in the volumes that will be necessary to support ISRU strategies on the surface of Mars. Each method that was considered in this workshop involved the deployment of a large surface structure. Because of this, methods taking advantage of the large surface area were considered to address the water harvesting challenge. These techniques involve the use of a lightweight, deployable, large-surface-area bagging operation to facilitate localized removal of water from the Martian surface underneath, humidifying the atmosphere inside the structure. Native Martian heating could be used passively, or alternatively directed microwaves generated from the backside of the structure might be used to improve efficiency. Once the water has been removed from the Martian soil, a highly efficient collection method is required to pull the water back out of the structure’s interior before it is lost to the Martian atmosphere. Coupling technologies such as the salts in the aforementioned HABIT collection concept with directional air flow may be sufficient to harvest the water, followed by vacuum transfer to generate a purified water sample ready for use. Based on an assumed microwave penetration depth of 1m, 80% microwave absorption, and 6 wt% H2O present in Martian regolith, a calculated 2.8 t of water can be harvested from a 70 × 70 m microwave beam spot over 500 sols. 6.7 Roll-Up of System Engineering Considerations A preliminary mass calculation was carried out for a notional PEC array assembly. The following bill of materials was created for each layer in the assembly (see Table 6.5) With this bill of materials, the area-specific density of a PEC array is projected to be 0.33 kg/m2. A 20% margin was added on to account for additional structural support and to account for the low maturity of the PEC array design, which results in an area-specific density of 0.4 kg/m2. For a baseline 10% of a full-sized system of 121 m2, this results in a mass estimate of approximately 50 kg for the PEC array alone. To determine the mass of the gas manifold, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer manifold designs for terrestrial applications were scaled to this application. This resulted in a mass estimate of 13.4 kg for manifolds for a 121-m2 array.PDF Image | ISRU Challenge Production of O2 and Fuel from CO2
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