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34 THE MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTEOLYSIS cathode compartment is filled with three volumes of water and one volume of hydrochloric acid (density — 1*20). T h e anode liquid is cooled by causing it to circulate through a lead pipe immersed in a freezing mixture, which latter is used to cool the cathode liquor. 2 The current density used is 50 amps, per dm. at 25 volts, and the nitric acid (density 1*4) mixed with one volume of water is run into the cathode compartment at the rate of 30 c.c. per hour. The reduced liquor on being evaporated in vacuo gives 80 per cent, of the calculated amount of hydroxylamine hydrochloride. THE PRODUCTION OF NITEITE FEOM NITEATE. The reduction of nitrate to nitrite can be accomplished satisfactorily, and the process is the subject of a recent 12 patent. It has been shown (Miiller and "Weber) that in a divided cell, smooth platinum or copper cathodes reduce nitrate to nitrite and ammonia, but platinised platinum gives much ammonia and little nitrite. A spongy copper or silver cathode was found to give the best results. W i t h 3 a current density of 0*25 amps, per dm. and a concentration of 2*3 grams of sodium nitrate per litre, a current efficiency of 90 per cent, was obtained. The current efficiency with an amalgamated copper cathode was found to diminish when 50 per cent, of the nitrate had been changed. Considerable care is evidently needed to prevent the forma- 3 tion of ammonia, since it has been shown by W. H. Easton 1 *Zeitsch. Elektrochem., 1903, 9, 955, 978 ; 1905,11, 509. 8 Eng. Pat. 16643 (1915); 25415(1913). J".Amer. Chem. Soc, 1903, 25,1042.PDF Image | MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTROLYSIS
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