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44 THE MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTROLYSIS WHITE LEAD processes which have been employed on an x industrial scale are as follows : In the Gardner process, worked at Millwall, lead sheet anodes are packed between graphite cathodes. The lead and graphite are connected by strips of tin so that when the acetic acid vapours reach the metal, electrical action takes place and the conversion into white lead is greatly accelerated. The process is similar to the ordinary chemical one, but the time required for the formation of a batch of white lead is reduced from fourteen weeks to about five weeks. 2 In the process of A. P . Browne a 10 per cent, solution of sodium nitrate is electrolysed in a wooden cell which is divided into two compartments. At the lead anode NO3 ions attack the metal forming lead nitrate, and at the copper cathode caustic soda is produced. These electrolytically prepared solutions are drawn off when a suitable concen- tration is reached, and by mixing them, hydrated lead oxide is precipitated, which by subsequent treatment with sodium bicarbonate is converted into white lead. The process of C. Woltereck depends upon the electro- lysis of an alkaline solution of an ammonium salt of any acid which will form a soluble lead salt. For example, ammonium nitrate solution containing bicarbonate may be employed with a lead anode and cathode of carbon or lead. Nitrate of lead is formed at the anode, and converted into white lead by the bicarbonate present in the electrolyte:— 3Pb(NO3)2 + 6NH4OH + 2NH4HCO8 = Pb(OH)3f 2PbCO3 + 2H2O + 6NH4NO3 + 2NH4OH. 1 2 Electrochermst andMetallurgist, 1901,1,145. J".Amer.Ohm. 8oc, 1895,17,835; U.S.Pat. 496109,563555.PDF Image | MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTROLYSIS
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