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56 THE MANUFACTTJBE OF CHEMICAXS BY ELECTBOLYSIS which gave a 90 per cent, yield of the corresponding amines (toluidines), by employing lead cathodes in sul- 1 phuric acid. Cathodes of zinc and tin were found suit- able also for producing amines from nitro-compounds, and 2 two patents of Boehringer and Sohne describe the use of a tin cathode, or an unattackable cathode (platinum) with the addition of a tin salt to the acid electrolyte. Later, the same firm patented the use of powdered cop- per, lead, iron, chromium, and mercury, or the salts of these metals, in place of tin, and also the use of a tin cath- 3 ode for reducing azo-compounds to amines. number of investigations were conducted about that time upon the effect of various cathodes on the reduction of nitro-compounds. Lob * published results in 1901 which showed that platinum and nickel gave benzidine under similar conditions, but zinc and amalgamated zinc favoured the formation of aniline, whilst graphite gave very little benzidine. In alcohol-sulphuric acid solution mercury gave a good yield of benzidine from azobenzene, and in alkaline-alcoholic solution mercury and nickel gave good yields of azobenzene by reducing nitrobenzene, whilst in aqueous alkaline suspensions of nitrobenzene good yields of azoxybenzene were obtained with mercury and nickel cathodes. Alkaline electrolytes give azo-, azoxy-, and hydrazo- conipounds, but if a copper cathode be used and copper *Zeitsc7i. EUkfrochem., 1901,7,589. «D.B.P., 116942 (1899); 117007 (1900). *Ibid. 121835(1900). h. Elehtrochem., 1901,7, 337,597. A considerablePDF Image | MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTROLYSIS
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