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ELEGTBOLYTIC BEDUCTION 03? OKGANIC COMPOTODS 59 electrode. Overvoltage must be distinguished from elec- trode potential since the latter term refers only to the potential difference between an electrode and the solution with which it is in contact. The reduction of nitrobenzene follows a well-defined 1 course as shown by Haber. Nitrosobenzene is first formed, then phenylhydroxylamine, and finally aniline; other products are formed by subsequent condensation. Nitrosobenzene and phenylhydroxylamine condense to azoxybenzene, which becomes reduced to hydrazoben- zene:— C6H5NO+C6H6NHOH -* C6H5. N . N . C6H5 \/ 0 C,H6 .N.N.C6H6 +2H2=C8H5.NH.NH.C6H5+H2O. \/ 0 Hydrazobenzene and nitrosobenzene condense to form azobenzene:— 2C6H5NH. NHG6H5 + 2C6H5NO = 3C6H5N: NC6H5 + 2H2O. 2 These results were confirmed by Haber and Schmidt, who succeeded in separating phenylhydroxylamine by re- ducing nitrobenzene in an alcoholic solution of ammonia containing ammonium chloride. By reduction in alcoholic-alkaline solution, Elbs and 3 Kopp obtained azo- and hydrazobenzene. They em- ployed a porous pot in which a platinum anode was im- mersed in a saturated solution of sodium carbonate. This 1 Zeitsch.Elektrochem., 1898, 4, 506; Zeitsch. angew, Cliem., 1900, 4=33. 2 JZeitsch. ptvysikal. Chem., 1900, 32, 271, 283. 3 Zeitsch. Elehtroehem., 1898,5,108.PDF Image | MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTROLYSIS
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