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ELECTROLYTIC REDUCTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 61 be reduced in an iron vessel which serves as cathode. The liquor is vigorously stirred by a small iron anode, and since the working temperature is 105-115° 0. the containing vessel is closed with a lid into which a reflux condenser is fitted. Small amounts of azoxy- and hydrazobenzene are found in the resulting azobenzene. Aminophenols which were formerly obtained only by the reduction of nitro-compounds in concentrated sulphuric acid can now be prepared by reducing dilute acid sus- pensions of nitro-compounds, provided the mixture be well stirred and the cathode surfaces made up of two or more metals. This improved process, which it is claimed gives good yields of amino-hydroxy bodies, is due to the Society 1 of Chemical Industry, Basle. is employed, the addition of certain metals in the form of salts or finely powdered metal to the electrolyte increases th.e yield of amine at the expense of amino-hydroxy com- pound ; such are copper, iron, or lead if added separately. If, however, two at least of these and other metals be added, reduction to aminophenol is favoured. For example, a lead cathode reduces nitrobenzene mainly t o aniline in dilute sulphuric acid, so that the proportion of aniline to aminophenol is 3 : 2 , but if some powdered bismuth be added to the cathode chamber, the ratio of aminophenol to aniline becomes 5 : 1 . The following com- binations or alloys have been found suitable: copper- mercury, lead-arsenic, copper-tin-arsenic. In one particular case a lead cylindrical vessel was * Stag. Pat. 18081 (1915). When an indifferent cathodePDF Image | MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTROLYSIS
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