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Various alternatives to chlorine use have been explored, including bleach, bleach with bromide, bromochlorodimethyl hydantoin (BBCDMH), non-oxidizing biocides, ozone, ultraviolet, chlorine dioxide, sodium chlorite, chloramines (chlorine & ammonia), copper-silver ionization, and thermal disinfections. Alternative devices include chlorinators, electrically generated ozonators, and copper/silver cathodes, which use electrical activity to cause the release of silver and copper ions into drinking water. Each chemical and device offers some unique advantages, but each has distinct disadvantages. The HOCl of NEW is found to have the advantages of other biocidal alternates without their disadvantages. Categories of objective analysis include: efficacy, safety, taste and odors, impact on equipment and systems, effect on scale, biofilm, residual effects, ease of use, maintenance and cost. NEW is a mixed-oxidant solution. Although it is measured and dosed as free available chlorine, it exhibits behavioral traits associated with more active chlor-oxygen chemistry than traditional chlorine. In contrast to other chlorine technologies, mixed oxidants such as NEW offer superior disinfections efficacy, elimination of biofilm, more durable chlorine residual levels, and reduced formation of disinfections by-products. Mixed oxidants readily oxidize ammonia; sulfides, iron and manganese, and can cause a micro flocculation effect (reduction in turbidity) in pretreatment. In addition, mixed oxidants offer improved taste and odor. NE©, even at residual levels over 12 ppm in treated water, leaves minimal to no odor or chlorine taste. Production of NEW is similar to the process of fabricating standard sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl), with one significant difference. Sodium Hypochlorite combines Cl2 with caustic soda (lye) to stabilize chlorine. The manufacture of NEW eliminates the use of caustic soda by instead using high rejection membrane technology to produce pure HOCl. With the sodium removed, the benefits of HOCl become immediately evident when used as a biocide. Elimination of lye makes disinfection possible without the high pH elements associated with sodium Hypochlorite. NEW exists at a neutral pH (7-8), thereby delivering high efficacy in short contact times without the use of caustics. The human body pH level is approximately 7.3, therefore NEW falls within the range where it is safe to the human body. Independent research has confirmed that the effectiveness of NEW on reducing total microbial counts is superior to that of sodium Hypochlorite. The biocidal activity of HOCl generated by the current ECA technology is 300 times more active than the sodium Hypochlorite generated by earlier systems. Sodium Hypochlorite or gaseous chlorine at the same concentration as that found in NEW leads to slower microbial kill and more corrosion when tested per ASTM guidelines. Activated solutions such as NEW have been conclusively shown to exceed chemically derived equivalents both in low dosage effectiveness as well as physicochemical purity. This heightened biocidal capacity relative to traditional chemical solutions permits the use of NEW at lower dose rates, decreasing the risk of adverse environmental impact. 5.0 5.1 Bio-films Efficacy of NEW Biofilms are a complex aggregation of microorganisms, including bacteria, protozoa and algae. Biofilms are usually found on solid substrates submerged in or exposed to an aqueous solution, and given sufficient resources for growth, will quickly grow to be macroscopic. In industrial environments, biofilms can develop throughout plants and on food processing equipment, which can lead to clogging, corrosion and rampant contamination. Reductions of biofilm in industrial facilities can result in substantial thermal efficiency improvements. Biofilms are comprised of organisms which are closely packed and firmly attached to each other and usually a solid surface. Formation of a biofilms begins with the attachment of free-floating microorganisms to a surface. If the first colonists are not immediately separated from the surface, they can anchor themselves more permanently using cell adhesion molecules such as pili. The first colonists facilitate the arrival of other cells by providing more adhesion sites and building the matrix that holds the biofilms together. Once colonization has begun, the biofilms grows through a combination of cell division and recruitment, and may continue to change in shape and size. Bacteria living in a biofilms usually have significantly different properties from free-floating bacteria of the same species because the dense and protected environment of the film allows them to cooperate and interact in various ways. This environment allows the bacteria to develop increased resistance to detergents and antibiotics, as the dense extracellular matrix and the outer layer of cells protect the interior of the community. 10 | P a g ePDF Image | Neutral Electrolyzed Water
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