PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 009
has been presented in empirical form by Novotny ́ and So ̈hnel (12): ρHCl(aq)=ρH2O+AρM+BρMT+CρMT2+DρM3/2+EρM3/2T+FρM3/2T2, [10] kg where the temperature-dependent density of water, ρH2O m3 , is given by the empirical expression: The parameters are as follows: Aρ = 20.46, Bρ = −0.09435, Cρ = 0.00109, Dρ = −1.227, ρH2 O = 999.65 + 0.20438T − 0.06174T 3/2 . [11] Eρ = 0.01269, and Fρ = −0.000198, each having units necessary to give their respective terms density units of kg . Substituting Equations 8, 9, and 10 into Equation 7 yields a m3 precise temperature- and molarity-dependent hydrochloric acid activity. We treat both H2 and Cl2 as ideal gases, resulting in a combined error in Eeq of less than 1 mV, whose activities are given by: aH2 = pH2 , [12] p0 and where p0 is the standard pressure of 1 atm. form: ηR=l i , [14] σ 1000 aCl2 = pCl2 , [13] p0 Figure 2 shows Eeq as a function of temperature for several different activity cases. The curve labeled “Standard” refers to the case with the chlorine and hydrogen pressures set to 1 atm and the HCl(aq) concentration set to 1 M. At 25 ◦Con the standard curve, the standard chlorine reversible potential of 1.358 V is observed. The envelope bounded by the high and low curves is the space of equilibrium potentials explored in this study. Given due consideration to the range of applicability of each component of the model, we will only study the temperature range 5-75 ◦C, the molarity range 0.5-6 M, and the pressure range 1-5 atm. The curve labeled “High” is the case in which aCl2 and aH2 are their highest (pCl2 = pH2 = 5 atm), and aHCl(aq) is its lowest (at a molarity of 0.5 M), yielding the highest equilibrium potentials as a function of temperature explored with this model. The curve labeled “Low” is the opposite extreme case, in which the gas activities are their lowest (1 atm), and the acid activity the highest (6 M), such that the lowest potentials are observed. The membrane resistance overpotential, ηR The resistive overpotential due to ohmic drop across the membrane takes the following where l [cm] is the membrane thickness, σ 1 is the membrane conductivity, i mA is Ω·cm cm2 the current density, and ηR is the resistive overpotential in volts (the factor of 1000 assures consistency in units). Commercial DuPont Nafion membranes are typically available in thicknesses ranging from 25 to 250 μm. From a voltage loss perspective, it always helps to 9PDF Image | Regenerative Hydrogen Chlorine Fuel Cell for Grid-Scale
PDF Search Title:
Regenerative Hydrogen Chlorine Fuel Cell for Grid-ScaleOriginal File Name Searched:
mja209.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Salgenx Redox Flow Battery Technology: Power up your energy storage game with Salgenx Salt Water Battery. With its advanced technology, the flow battery provides reliable, scalable, and sustainable energy storage for utility-scale projects. Upgrade to a Salgenx flow battery today and take control of your energy future.
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com | RSS | AMP |