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Figure 2: Range of equilibrium potentials explored in this study. The two curves marked “High” and “Low” define the envelope. The “Standard” curve is Eeq for 1 M solution and 1 atm gases. The “High” curve is for 0.5 M solution and 5 atm gases. The “Low” curve is for 6 M solution and 1 atm gases. decrease the thickness of the membrane, though this can only be done to a certain extent in practice: mechanical integrity of the membrane is very important, as membrane rup- ture would allow the uncontrolled mixing and reaction of H2 and Cl2 gases. Furthermore, reactant crossover will increase with the use of thinner membranes, lowering the current efficiency of the cell. Thus, the membrane thickness is also practically limited by the de- gree of reactant crossover that can be tolerated in a given system. Yeo and McBreen (13) measured the extent of chlorine crossover in a hydrogen-chlorine system using a Nafion 120 membrane (250 μm thick), and, in a 15% HCl solution saturated with Cl2 gas at 25 ◦C, the crossover current was measured to be 0.2 mA . Assuming the crossover current is cm2 inversely proportional to membrane thickness, losses on the order of 2 mA could reason- cm2 ably be expected for a 25 μm membrane, the thinnest membrane considered in this study. Thus, chlorine crossover should contribute a loss of less than 1% for the vast majority of cell operational regimes. Hydrogen crossover can occur as well, but, because of the very low solubility of H2 gas in the HCl electrolyte, the extent of crossover will be less than that of Cl2 gas (the crossover current is a function of the product of the reactant diffusivity and the reactant solubility). In another study, measured hydrogen crossover currents were observed to be about 60% of the value of the chlorine crossover currents (9). We use the data of Yeo and McBreen (13) for the conductivity of Nafion 120 as a function of temperature and HCl(aq) concentration, and assume that the conductivity is independent of membrane thickness. Our empirical fit is given by the following: b1 b2 σ= a1+(M−c1)2+d12 + a2+(M−c2)2+d2 T, [15] 10PDF Image | Regenerative Hydrogen Chlorine Fuel Cell for Grid-Scale
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