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Hydrogen is back in fashion as a route to decarbonize our energy systems. Globally the hydrogen market is expected to grow by 47% from 142 billion USD in 2019 to 209 billion USD in 2027.1 Since hydrogen is an energy carrier and not an energy source, it can be made dirty or clean. Today, over 95% of the 70 million tons of hydrogen produced annually comes from steam methane reforming (SMR), releasing 830 million tons of CO2 every year.2, 3 While blue hydrogen routes coupling SMR to carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies are being tested at scale4, green or sustainable hydrogen made from water electrolysis and powered by low-carbon energy is crucial to attain climate neutrality.2, 5-7 As the price of renewable electricity continues to plummet, sustainable hydrogen production via water electrolysis is gaining momentum globally.8 Water Electrolysis Technologies Today, the two main electrolyzer technologies that exist commercially are the alkaline electrolysis and proton exchange membrane (PEM) systems. Alkaline electrolysis is a mature and commercial technology, used since the 1920s, for hydrogen production in the fertilizer and chlorine industries.2 Several alkaline electrolyzers with a capacity of up to 165 MW were built in the last century, although almost all of them were decommissioned when natural gas and SMR for hydrogen production took off in the 1970s.2 Alkaline electrolyzers are characterized by lower capital costs compared to PEM systems due to the avoidance of precious catalysts.9, 10 While alkaline electrolysis systems operate at high efficiency (~55-70% LHV), low current density (< 0.45 A/cm2) and low operating pressures (< 30 bar) negatively impact system size and hydrogen production costs.11 Also, dynamic operation (frequent start-ups and varying power input) is limited (25-100% of nominal load) for alkaline electrolyzers, and can negatively affect system efficiency and gas purity.12 On the other hand, PEM water electrolysis was pioneered by Grubb in the early fifties and General Electric Co. led development in 1960’s to overcome the drawbacks of alkaline electrolysis.2 The PEM systems run on pure water as an electrolyte solution, and so avoid the recovery and recycling of the corrosive potassium hydroxide electrolyte that is necessary in alkaline electrolyzers. Today, industries are inclined towards PEM system due to its compact design, high system efficiency (~52-69% LHV) at high current density (> 1-2 A/cm2), fast response, dynamic operation (0-160% of the nominal load), low temperatures (20–80 °C) and the ability to produce ultrapure hydrogen at elevated pressure (30-80 bar).2, 9, 12, 13 PEM has seen drastic 2PDF Image | Seawater Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production
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