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Chapter 4 Results and discussion 4.1 Cobalt-doped Ruthenium-Titanium dioxide elec- trocatalysts As has been mentioned, in the study of Hummelgård et al. [15], Co-doped RuO2- TiO2 coatings were characterized using both non-electrochemical and electrochem- ical measurements. Only rutile peaks were found in the XRD spectra, indicating that the Co component was either present as an amorphous phase, or as a compo- nent in the rutile lattice. The second explanation is perhaps more likely considering the high crystallinity of the film indicated by the XRD spectrum. The later theo- retical study of Karlsson et al. [17] indicated that it should be possible to dope Co into the rutile lattice of TiO2. Moreover, it was found that the Co-doped RTO coatings had increased crack densities, mainly for the thinnest coating. Further- more, the grain size, 10 nm, (estimated using the Scherrer equation1[201]) of the Co-doped coating was smaller, than the 20 nm of the RTO coating. Both the in- creased crack density and the decrease in particle size are indicative of increased strain in the coating due to lattice mismatch between the CoOx component and the Ru-Ti oxide component (RuO2 and TiO2 having very similar lattice dimensions). The difference in particle size resulted in differences in q∗, indicating that the Co- 1The Scherrer equation is written as L= Kλ , (4.1) βcosθ where L is the mean size of the particle, β is the width at half-maximum intensity of the peak (e.g. the (110) XRD peak at approximately 2θ =28° observed in RTO) and K has a value of approximately 1. This empirical expression gives a relationship between particle size and diffraction peak width, based on the observation that X-ray beams diffracted through randomly oriented crystals become increasingly broadened as the crystal particle sizes decrease. 47PDF Image | Studies of Electrode Processes in Industrial Electrosynthesis
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