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Salt Water Salt and Limestone (synthetic) or Trona Ore (natural) Chlorine Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide) The Caustics Chain Soda Ash (Sodium Carbonate) Ethylene dichloride/vinyl chloride monomer, polyurethanes, other organic compounds, pulp and paper, solvents, water treatment, titanium dioxide Chemical manufacturing, pulp and paper, soaps and detergents, textiles, alumina, petroleum refining Glass-making, detergents and soaps, neutralization, metals and mining, sulfite paper pulping, chemical sodium compounds, textiles processing Figure 6-1. Chlor-Alkali Products Chain (CMA 1998) About 30 percent of the sodium hydroxide produced is used by the organic chemical industry and about 20 percent is consumed by the inorganic chemical industry for neutralization and off-gas scrubbing, and as an input into the production of various chemical products (e.g., alumina, propylene oxide, polycarbonate resin, expoxies, synthetic fibers, soaps, detergents, rayon, cellophane). Another 20 percent of sodium hydroxide production is used by the pulp and paper industry for pulping wood chips and for other processes. Sodium hydroxide is also used to manufacture soap and cleaning products, and as drilling fluid for oil and gas extraction (CHEMX 1999, Orica 1999). Soda ash is used primarily by the glass industry as a flux to reduce the melting point of sand. It is also a raw material in the manufacture of sodium phosphates and sodium silicates, important components of domestic and industrial cleaners. Other uses are in the production of metals in both the refining and smelting stages, in sulfite paper pulping processes, and in textiles processing. Soda ash is also an intermediate in the production of sodium compounds, including phosphates, silicates, and sulfites. Demand for Sodium Hydroxide and Chlorine Is Impacted by Global Economies The chlor-alkali industry has been growing at a slow pace over the last 10 years and this rate is expected to continue in the early years of the new century. Chlorine and sodium hydroxide are co-products, and the demand for one will highly influence the demand for the other. Over the last several decades, market forces have switched between chlorine and sodium hydroxide a number of times. Chlorine demand drives the chlor-alkali industry, but the demand is cyclical, with chlorine and caustic soda out of phase in the marketplace. When caustic soda reaches a high level of demand, the direction of product flow is dependent upon Asian and European economies and the foreign exchange rate. Foreign producers may often export caustic soda to the 176PDF Image | The Chlor-Alkali Industry
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