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Figure 6-4. Diaphragm Cell Process (IND CHEM 1990, EPA 1992b, EPA 1995a) Key Energy and Environmental Facts - Diaphragm Cell Process Energy Emissions Effluents Wastes/Byproducts Net Electricity use: 4,649 Btu/lb chlorine 2,725 kWhr/ton chlorine Largest source - fugitive and point source emissions (chlorine gas, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and Freon) Largest source - wash water from chlorine processing (spent sulfuric acid, which is reclaimed and reused) Scrapped diaphragms (lead, asbestos) and cell parts ions across the diaphragm represents the most inefficient aspect of the cell. The hydrogen gas and chlorine gas are drawn off separately from the top of the cell, and the residual brine containing 10 to 15 percent sodium hydroxide is taken from the bottom of the cell. After being de-humidified and cooled, the hydrogen is sent to storage. For a less pure product, the chlorine is first cooled (using a Freon or similar refrigerant), then washed with sulfuric acid in a packed column to dry it. The spent sulfuric acid is recovered and reused. Diaphragm cells will have dissolved air and carbon dioxide that enter with the brine, and leave the process via chlorine purification. Demand for purified chlorine is high, and represents the largest share of chlorine produced. Purified chlorine is produced by compressing and cooling the gas to a liquid state. The liquid chlorine is fractionally distilled to remove chlorinated tars called “taffy” in the heavy fraction. The light fraction contains inerts such as air, carbon dioxide, 182PDF Image | The Chlor-Alkali Industry
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