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Aspects that affect the Zn deposit include: a) flow regime, b) electrolyte composition, c) electrolyte additives, d) nucleation at the carbon bipolar electrode. The flow regime within the electrode compartment has some influence over the electrodeposition of Zn, so a controlled, uniform flow from minimal manifold jets is required. These effects can also be observed in small laboratory cells [99]. Furthermore, the change in the flow channel resulting from the accumulation or dissolution of Zn has some effect on the cell performance [100]. Another problem resulting in poor utilization of the active material is the hampered dissolution of Zn, e.g. in [88]. In practice, the formation of dendrites is decreased and the electrode can be re-established by performing regular stripping cycles with a discharge cell potential as low as 1.0 V [67]. Electrolyte additives such as tetraalkylammonium and pyridinium cations have been used to minimise dendrite growth in the acid bromide-containing supporting electrolytes used in Zn- Br2 batteries [101-103]. Fluorinated surfactants and 10% w.t. butyrolactone reduced Zn dendrite formation on an RVC electrode [104]. Recently, the effect on Zn morphology and charge efficiency produced by the changing electrolyte concentration and the presence of small amounts of impurities has been studied [88]. Additives can also help mitigate self- discharge by inhibiting the oxidation of the zinc deposit by bromine [78]. NH4Cl [65] or KCl [52] can be added to the electrolyte to increase conductivity. Planar electrodes have the disadvantage of limited surface area available and porous, 3-D electrodes have been investigated to extend the available area for Zn deposition. However, the ohmic drop that takes place through porous electrodes (higher than in monolithic electrodes) and in the electrolyte permeating the porous structure can result in non-uniform 14PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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