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99%. Liu et al. [289] also reported on the electrodeposition of zinc from a 1- methylimidazolium trifluoromethylsulfonate electrolyte. The zinc morphology was found to be porous and mossy in the purely ionic liquid electrolyte. However, the addition of 30% w.t. water to the electrolyte resulted in the deposition morphology being more compact, with hexagonal platelets similar to those previously reported. Recent work has also been undertaken on polymer gel electrolytes (PGEs) based on ionic liquids. Xu et al. [290] assessed the suitability of PGEs based on 1-ethyl-3- methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate with zinc triflate, using poly(vinylidene fluoride co-hexafluoropropylene) to form a polymer matrix, as electrolytes for zinc based battery systems. Although the zinc deposition morphology was not investigated in this study, the produced PGEs were shown to be conductive to zinc ions, and demonstrated thermal stability between −50 and 100 oC, with a sufficiently wide electrochemical window of 2.8 V vs. Zn/Zn2+. Current efficiencies in excess of 90% were reported. Liu et al. [291] studied the performance of a PGE using 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethylsulfonate and 0.2M Zn(TfO)2, with a polymer matrix of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene). The morphology of zinc deposits from this electrolyte were found to be smooth and compact, and stable current efficiencies of over 80% were achieved. Although ionic liquid electrolytes are at a relatively early stage of development, their potential for use in zinc-based battery systems has been demonstrated. However, many ionic liquids are considerably more expensive than traditional aqueous solutions and some are sensitive to atmospheric oxygen or water. 57PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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