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20 THE MANUFACTUEB OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTKOLYSIS Caro's acid (H2SO5) is formed by the action of water on the persulphuric acid first formed thus :— H2S2O8 + H2O = H2SO5 4- H2SO4, and Caro's acid is then destroyed by interaction with hydroxyl at the anode, and oxygen is evolved:— H2SOC + 2OH» H2SO4 + O2 +H2O. Current efficiency may be increased by adding a substance such ashydrofluoric acid which raises the anode potential, and also by adding sulphurous acid or hydrogen sulphide which destroys Caro's acid but does not affect persulphuric acid. T h e addition of sulphurous acid t o t h e point of saturation in sulphuric acid of density 1*38 raises the current efficiency to 92 per cent. The addition of hydro- chloric acid to the bath has a beneficial effect because it raises the anode potential and also destroys Caro's acid, and so removes the harmful depolarising effect of this substance. It has been shown that the concentration of persulphuric acid increases with rise in current density, but the final concentration of Caro's acid is independent of the current density. According to a patent claim of the Consortium fiir Elek- trochemie an undivided cell may be used, and even without the addition of chromate or fluoride a high yield of am- monium persulphate may be obtained, provided the solu- tion is cooled and a high current density employed (50 2 amps, per dm. ). Under favourable conditions a 40 per cent, solution of persulphuric acid can be obtained by direct electrolysis of sulphuric acid. HYDEOGEN PEEOXIDE is produced either by decomposingPDF Image | MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTROLYSIS
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