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desalination technology.48-50 Worldwide, desalination is considered an immediate solution to the problem of water scarcity and quality that will worsen with continued population growth and more prolonged droughts linked to climate change.48 Using desalinated water for electrolysis has an added advantage of being able to treat water from a wide variety of sources, such as brackish groundwater, surface water, seawater, and domestic and industrial wastewater.28 To make it more affordable and accessible, research efforts should be directed towards improving desalination processes, devising more effective and durable membranes, for example, to produce more water per unit of energy.48 There are environmental issues to tackle as well such as the disposal or processing of the concentrated brine, which in addition to being extremely salty also contains treatment chemicals.51 In excessive concentrations, they have the potential to negatively affect the marine environment. There are efforts to eliminate wastewater discharge via zero liquid discharge (ZLD) approaches and exploring the potential of high-pressure reverse osmosis (HPRO), among other technologies, to efficiently desalinate hypersaline brines.49 Furthermore, in some settings, these brines may be considered as a resource for high value minerals and energy recovery instead of being a waste with discharge constraints. Therefore, we pose these questions: Should we consider realigning our R&D priorities? Is direct seawater splitting a solution looking for a problem that has already been solved? Acknowledgement The author(s) would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by Canada First Excellence Research Fund (CFREF) at University of Calgary. The authors acknowledge Mr. Puneet Mannan from Innovate Calgary for providing data from Patsnap database. References 1. Hydrogen Generation Market. https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry- reports/hydrogen-generation-market-100745. 2. Birol, F., The Future of Hydrogen: Seizing Today's Opportunities. IEA 2019. 3. Idriss, H., Towards Large‐Scale Hydrogen Production from Water, What Have We Learned and What Are the Main Research Hurdles to Cross for Commercialization. Energy Technology 2021. 4. Tawiah, P.; Duer, J.; Bryant, S. L.; Larter, S.; O’Brien, S.; Dong, M., CO2 injectivity behaviour under non-isothermal conditions–Field observations and assessments from the Quest CCS operation. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 2020, 92, 102843. 5. van Renssen, S., The hydrogen solution? Nature Climate Change 2020, 10 (9), 799-801. 6. Daiyan, R.; MacGill, I.; Amal, R., Opportunities and Challenges for Renewable Power-to-X. ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5 (12), 3843–3847 13PDF Image | Seawater Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production
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